Dry skin, also known as xerosis, is a condition characterized by a lack of moisture in the skin. The skin’s outermost layer called the stratum corneum, acts as a barrier to prevent water loss. When this barrier is compromised, the skin loses its ability to retain moisture effectively, leading to dryness.

Dry skin can affect people of all ages and skin types. However, certain individuals may be more prone to experiencing dry skin.

Some groups that are commonly affected include:

• Older adults: As we age, our skin produces less natural oil (sebum), leading to increased dryness. The skin’s ability to retain moisture also diminishes with age, making older adults more susceptible to dry skin.
• Individuals with certain skin conditions: People with conditions like eczema (atopic dermatitis), psoriasis, or ichthyosis have a compromised skin barrier, which can result in dry and flaky skin.
• Those living in dry climates: Dry climates with low humidity levels can deplete the moisture content in the skin, making it more prone to dryness.
• Individuals with occupational exposure: People who work in professions that involve frequent handwashing or exposure to harsh chemicals, such as healthcare workers, hairdressers, or cleaners, may experience dry skin due to repeated contact with irritants.
• Winter weather: Cold temperatures and low humidity during winter can strip the skin of its natural moisture, leading to dryness and roughness.

People with atopic diathesis: Individuals with a personal or family history of atopic conditions, such as asthma, hay fever, or atopic dermatitis, may have a higher likelihood of developing dry skin.

Dry skin can have various effects on the body, both physical and psychological. Here are some ways in which dry skin can impact the body:

• Skin discomfort: Dry skin often feels tight, rough, and uncomfortable. It may also become itchy, leading to scratching, which can further irritate the skin and potentially cause inflammation.
• Flaking and scaling: Dry skin tends to shed dead skin cells at a faster rate, resulting in flaking and scaling. This can be particularly noticeable in areas such as the face, arms, and legs.
• Cracks and fissures: In severe cases, dry skin can lead to the development of cracks or fissures, especially in areas with thick skin, like the heels and palms. These cracks can be painful and may increase the risk of infection.
• Impaired barrier function: The skin acts as a barrier to protect the body from external elements. When the skin is dry, its natural barrier function is compromised. This can allow irritants, allergens, and bacteria to penetrate more easily, leading to potential skin infections or allergic reactions.
• Psychological impact: Dry skin can affect a person’s self-esteem and confidence. The visible appearance of dry, flaky skin may cause social discomfort and impact overall well-being.
• Secondary infections: When the skin’s protective barrier is compromised due to dryness, it becomes more susceptible to bacterial or fungal infections. Scratching dry skin can also introduce bacteria into the skin, leading to infections.

Disruption of sleep: Itchy, dry skin can interfere with sleep quality, leading to discomfort and restlessness.

There are several medical conditions that can contribute to or exacerbate dry skin. These conditions may affect the skin’s natural moisture balance or compromise its ability to retain moisture effectively.

Here are three common medical conditions associated with dry skin:

• Contact dermatitis: Contact dermatitis is an inflammatory skin condition that occurs when the skin comes into direct contact with irritants or allergens. Common irritants include harsh chemicals, certain metals (such as nickel), and certain cosmetics or personal care products. Allergic contact dermatitis is an immune response triggered by an allergic reaction to substances like fragrances, latex, or certain plants. Both forms of contact dermatitis can result in dry, itchy, and inflamed skin.
• Seborrheic dermatitis: Seborrheic dermatitis is a chronic inflammatory skin condition that primarily affects areas with a high density of oil glands, such as the scalp, face (especially around the eyebrows and nose), and upper chest. It is characterized by redness, greasy or scaly patches, and itching. Seborrheic dermatitis can contribute to dry skin, as affected areas may lose moisture due to inflammation and an impaired skin barrier.
• Atopic dermatitis (eczema): Atopic dermatitis, commonly known as eczema, is a chronic inflammatory skin condition characterized by dry, itchy, and inflamed patches of skin. It often starts in infancy or childhood but can persist into adulthood. People with atopic dermatitis have a compromised skin barrier, making their skin more susceptible to moisture loss and environmental irritants. Dry skin is a hallmark symptom of eczema and can lead to further itching and discomfort.

In addition, to contact dermatitis, seborrheic dermatitis, and atopic dermatitis (eczema), other medical conditions related to dry skin include psoriasis, ichthyosis, hypothyroidism, diabetes, Sjögren’s Syndrome, dermatitis herpetiformis, and xeroderma pigmentosum.

It’s important to note that these conditions can coexist with dry skin or contribute to its development. Managing these underlying conditions is crucial in alleviating dry skin symptoms.

In some cases, seeking medical advice from a dermatologist or allergist can help determine the exact cause and provide targeted treatment options to address both the underlying condition and dry skin symptoms.

Several risk factors can increase the likelihood of developing dry skin. These include:

• Aging: As we age, the skin produces less oil and moisture, making it more prone to dryness.
• Weather conditions: Low humidity and cold weather can strip the skin of moisture, leading to dryness.
• Excessive washing: Frequent and prolonged exposure to hot water and harsh soaps can disrupt the skin’s natural moisture balance.

Certain medical conditions: Conditions like diabetes, hypothyroidism, and malnutrition can contribute to dry skin.

To manage dry skin effectively, it is important to avoid certain factors that can exacerbate the condition. These include:

• Long, hot showers or baths: Prolonged exposure to hot water can strip the skin of its natural oils, leading to further dryness. Opt for shorter showers or baths with lukewarm water instead.
• Harsh soaps and cleansers: Avoid using harsh soaps, detergents, and cleansers that contain strong chemicals or fragrances. Opt for mild, gentle cleansers that are specifically formulated for dry or sensitive skin.
• Vigorous scrubbing or over-exfoliation: Over-exfoliating or scrubbing the skin too vigorously can remove its natural oils and disrupt the skin barrier. Be gentle when exfoliating and limit it to once or twice a week using a mild exfoliating product.
• Fragranced products: Fragrances can be irritating to dry skin. Avoid using products that contain artificial fragrances, as they can further dry out and irritate the skin. Look for fragrance-free or hypoallergenic products instead.
• Alcohol-based products: Products that contain high amounts of alcohol, such as toners or astringents, can be drying to the skin. Opt for alcohol-free alternatives or products with lower alcohol content.
• Tight clothing and rough fabrics: Wearing tight clothing or fabrics that don’t allow the skin to breathe can trap moisture and exacerbate dryness. Choose loose-fitting clothing made from soft, breathable fabrics like cotton.
• Overusing or misusing acne treatments: Acne treatments containing benzoyl peroxide or salicylic acid can be drying to the skin. If you have dry skin, use these treatments sparingly and consider using products specifically formulated for dry or sensitive skin.
• Exposure to harsh weather conditions: Extreme cold or windy weather can strip the skin of its moisture. Protect your skin by wearing appropriate clothing, using scarves or hats, and applying a moisturizer with SPF before going outside.

Central heating and air conditioning: Heated indoor environments and air conditioning can contribute to dryness. Use a humidifier to add moisture to the air in your home and keep the humidity levels balanced.

Dry skin is typically diagnosed through a physical examination and a discussion of your medical history and symptoms. During the examination, a healthcare professional will assess the appearance and texture of your skin to determine its dryness and any associated signs or symptoms.

In some cases, additional tests or evaluations may be necessary to identify the underlying causes or contributing factors related to your dry skin.

These may include:

• Patch testing: If contact dermatitis is suspected as a cause of your dry skin, patch testing may be performed to identify specific allergens or irritants that could be triggering the condition.
• Blood tests: In certain cases, blood tests may be ordered to check for underlying medical conditions such as thyroid disorders or autoimmune diseases that can contribute to dry skin.

Skin biopsy: A skin biopsy involves the removal of a small sample of skin tissue for examination under a microscope. This procedure is typically performed if there is uncertainty about the diagnosis or to rule out other skin conditions with similar symptoms.

Treatment for dry skin aims to restore and maintain the skin’s moisture content, strengthen the skin barrier, and alleviate symptoms.

Here are some common approaches and recommendations for treating dry skin:

• Moisturize regularly: Apply a moisturizer to your skin daily, especially after bathing or washing your hands. Choose a moisturizer that is rich in emollients and contains ingredients like hyaluronic acid, glycerin, shea butter, or ceramides. Look for products labeled specifically for dry or sensitive skin.
• Use a humidifier: Use a humidifier in your home, especially during the dry winter months or if you live in a dry climate. A humidifier adds moisture to the air and helps prevent excessive drying of the skin.
• Protect your skin: Protect your skin from harsh weather conditions by wearing appropriate clothing, such as gloves, scarves, or hats. This can help retain moisture and prevent windburn or excessive drying.
• Drink plenty of water: Staying hydrated from within can also help improve your skin’s moisture levels. Drink an adequate amount of water throughout the day to keep your body and skin hydrated.
• Medications or prescription treatments: In some cases, a healthcare professional may prescribe topical medications or creams containing ingredients like corticosteroids, calcineurin inhibitors, or retinoids to reduce inflammation, and itching, or promote skin healing.
• Lifestyle factors: Adopting a healthy lifestyle that includes a balanced diet, regular exercise, adequate sleep, and stress management can contribute to overall skin health.

Remember, it is essential to consult a healthcare professional if your dry skin persists, worsens, or is accompanied by severe symptoms. They can provide a personalized treatment plan based on the severity of your condition and any underlying factors contributing to your dry skin.

Dry skin is a common condition that can cause discomfort and affect your overall well-being. By understanding the causes, effects, and treatment options for dry skin, you can take proactive steps to manage and improve the condition.

By adopting a skincare routine that focuses on gentle cleansing, regular moisturization, and avoiding irritants, you can keep your skin healthy, hydrated, and glowing.

Remember, if dry skin persists or worsens despite self-care measures, it is advisable to consult a healthcare professional for a proper diagnosis and personalized treatment plan.

Cleveland Clinic. (June 23, 2022). Dry skin. Retrieved from https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/16940-dry-skin (Accessed June 14, 2023).

Mayo Clinic. (January 25, 2022). Dry skin: Symptoms & causes. Retrieved from https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/dry-skin/symptoms-causes/syc-20353885 (Accessed June 14, 2023).

Medical News Today. (January 29, 2021). Dry skin: Causes, symptoms, and treatments. Retrieved from https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/dry-skin#what-is-it (Accessed June 14, 2023)

Healthline. (May 22, 2023). Dry Skin. Retrieved from https://www.healthline.com/health/dry-skin (Accessed June 14, 2023).

American Academy of Dermatology Association. (n.d.). Dry Skin: Overview. Retrieved from https://www.aad.org/public/diseases/a-z/dry-skin-overview (Accessed June 14, 2023).